Technical Guidance for Bridges over Waterways with Unknown Foundations

The term “unknown foundations” has been traditionally associated with examining the population of existing bridges over waterways (riverine and tidal) where foundation details are unknown and therefore, foundations could not be evaluated against the hydraulic hazards related to scour. Most of the bridges having unknown foundations were identified by owners while screening their bridges over waterways (riverine and tidal) for their scour vulnerability. These bridges received a Code U for Item 113 of the FHWA’s Recording and Coding Guide for the Structure Inventory and Appraisal of the Nation’s Bridges (Coding Guide).
The FHWA exempted this population of bridges from being evaluated for their scour vulnerability due to the lack of a process and guidance that would have allowed bridge owners to determine their foundation characteristics and therefore, evaluate these bridges. This exemption did not apply to bridges on Interstate designated routes for which FHWA recommended bridge owners to consider technology available to determine their foundation characteristics and evaluate their scour vulnerability. The use of geophysics technology such as non-destructive testing (NDT) has been available for quite some time; however, cost and reliability of results may be the leading reason for their limited use for determining foundation characteristics.
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National Bridge Inspection Standards – Scour Evaluation and Plans of Action for Scour Critical Bridges

The purpose of this memorandum is to request your assistance towards ensuring that Federal Agencies (referenced herein as bridge owners) complete the scour evaluation of their bridges over waterways (riverine and tidal). Also, we request your assistance towards ensuring that bridge owners develop and implement a Plan of Action (POA) for each bridge identified as scour critical to meet the requirement set forth in the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) regulation
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Status of Bridge Scour Evaluations and POAs for Scour Critical Bridges

Bridge owners have been working for several years towards the evaluation of their bridges over waterways to determine foundation vulnerability against stream instability and scour. To date, about 93 percent of these bridges have been evaluated. We must, however, make sure that all bridges over waterways are evaluated for their vulnerability to stream instability and scour. As of August 2007, bridge owners reported on their National Bridge Inventory (NBI) data submission a total of 34,900 bridges over waterways that still remain to be evaluated as for their scour vulnerability. These are bridges that have been coded 6, T, or Null for Item 113 of the NBI. The FHWA established a target date of January 1997 for completing all scour evaluations by memorandum dated July 15, 1991; however, as the NBI data shows, we still have work to do to complete this important component of the NBIS. Table 1 presents the number of bridges over waterways on the National Highway System (NHS) and the non-NHS that still need a scour evaluation. Another 67,039 bridges over waterways identified by bridge owners as having unknown foundations remain to be evaluated for their scour vulnerability as of August 2007. We will address the subject of unknown foundations, including a process developed by the FHWA’s Office of Bridge Technology to identify bridge foundations characteristics under a separate memorandum
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DESIGN FOR FISH PASSAGE AT ROADWAY STREAM CROSSINGS: SYNTHESIS REPORT

A waterway of perceptible extent that periodically or
continuously contains moving water. It has definite bed and banks, which serve
to confine the water and includes stream channels, secondary channels, and
braided channels. It is often determined by the “ordinary high water mark” which
means that line on the shore established by the fluctuations of water and
indicated by physical characteristics such as clear, natural line impressed on the
bank, shelving, changes in the character of soil, destruction of terrestrial
vegetation, the presence of litter and debris, or other appropriate means that
consider the characteristics of the surrounding areas.

This document is a design reference for the classification, assessment, design or
retrofit of a roadway-stream crossing to facilitate fish passage. It is the result of
a comprehensive literature review completed to categorize design procedures,
case histories, and culvert assessment techniques. No new recommendations
for a universal design procedure are made; rather, a compilation of design
options used in different geographic regions is included to allow the user to select
the most appropriate design method for their unique situation. A collection of
design examples and case histories is intended to add clarity to the design
methodology selection.
In order to provide stream reach connectivity for all wildlife, removal of road
barriers or the installation of a bridge spanning the floodplain are ideal; however,
this report presumes that a narrower, fish-friendly, installation is both permitted
and desirable for economical or logistical reasons. It is recognized that fish are
not the only animals requiring habitat connectivity for long-term population
viability, and future versions of this circular are intended to cover aquatic
organism passage (AOP) in more detail. This report is intended solely as a
reference for the design, retrofit, or replacement of a road stream crossing to
meet fish passage requirements.
The scope of this report is also limited to culvert installations. If the total culvert
span including all barrels and fill between barrels exceeds 6.1 m (20 ft), it is
called a bridge according to the Federal Highway Administration code
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Design of Roadside Channels with Flexible Linings

This manual addresses the design of small open channels called roadside channels that
are constructed as part of a highway drainage system. Roadside channels play an
important role in the highway drainage system as the initial conveyance for highway
runoff. Roadside channels are often included as part of the typical roadway section.
Therefore, the geometry of roadside channels depends on available right-of-way, flow
capacity requirements, and the alignment and profile of the highway. The procedures in
this manual may also be used for ancillary roadside drainage features such as
rundowns.
Roadside channels capture sheet flow from the highway pavement and backslope and
convey that runoff to larger channels or culverts within the drainage system. This initial
concentration of runoff may create hydraulic conditions that are erosive to the soil that
forms the channel boundary. To perform reliably, the roadside channel is often stabilized
against erosion by placing a protective lining over the soil. This manual presents a class
of channel linings called flexible linings that are well suited for construction of small
roadside channels.
This manual is presented in dual units. The SI (metric) units precede the customary
units (CU) when units are given. Design examples are provided in both systems of
units.
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A9CAD 2.2.1

A9CAD Pro is a two-dimensional CAD application. The program supports both DWG and DXF drawing formats. This efficient program comes with a lot of useful drawing tools , such as point, arc, line, circle, image, ellipse, image, dimension and text. The application also comes with object manipulation tools such as copy, erase, move, rotate, scale, explode, trim, extend,mirror, join, break, fillet and offset.
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PEDOMAN PERENCANAAN BANGUNAN PELINDUNG PANTAI

Setelah indonesia dilanda bencana dasyat tsunami tahun 2004 yang menyebabkan lebih dari 120 ooo orang meninggal atau menghilang dan 500 000 lebih kehilangan rumah, sumber perekonomian, sekolah, dan lain-lain, emerintah indonesia mengambil tindakan penanganan dalam tiga tahap, yaitu :
1. Penanganan dan pertolongan langsung
2. Rehabilitasi
3. Rekonstruksi
Lebih jauh, lagi pemerintah indonesia mendirikan badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Aceh dan Nias (BRR) Untuk membantu pemerintah lokal dalam mengkordinir dan memfasilitasi usaha pemulihan. BRR telah merumuskan program prioritas : Aceh & Nias Tsunami and Earthquake Response Program (ANTERP).
Buku ini merupakan panduan untuk perlindungan pantai disertai dengan petunjuk pekerjaan perlindungan pantai.
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